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Notas de aplicación

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  Methods for Measuring Op Amp Settling Time &mdash AN10
  PDF, 277 Kb, Archivo publicado: jul 1, 1985
  The AN10 begins with a survey of methods for measuring op amp settling time. This commentary develops into circuits for measuring settling time to 0.0005%. Construction details and results are presented. Appended sections cover oscilloscope overload limitations and amplifier frequency compensation.
  Extracto del documento

  Application Note 10
  July 1985
  Methods of Measuring Op Amp Settling Time
  Jim Williams
  Servo, DAC and data acquisition amplifiers all require
  good dynamic response. In particular, the time required
  for an amplifier to settle to final value after an input step
  is especially important. This specification allows setting
  a circuit’s timing margins with confidence that the data
  produced is accurate. The settling time is the total length
  of time from input step application until the amplifier remains within a specified error band around the final value. 10mV or less for a 10V step is of interest. No generalpurpose pulse generator is meant to hold output amplitude
  and noise within these limits. Generator output-caused
  aberration appearing at the oscilloscope probe will be
  indistinguishable from amplifier output movement, producing unreliable results. The oscilloscope connection
  presents additional problems. As probe capacitance rises,
  AC loading of the resistor junction will influence observed
  settling waveforms. The 20pF probe shown alleviates this
  problem but its 10X attenuation sacrifices oscilloscope
  gain. 1X probes are not suitable because of their excessive
  input capacitance. An active 1X FET probe will work, but
  another issue remains. Figure 1 shows one way to measure amplifier settling
  time (see References 1, 2, and 3). The circuit uses the
  “false sum node” technique. The resistors and amplifier …

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  Risk Assessment Advice for High Reliability Amplifiers &mdash AN141
  PDF, 299 Kb, Archivo publicado: oct 7, 2013
  Extracto del documento

  Application Note 141
  October 2013
  Risk Assessment Advice for High Reliability Amplifiers
  Tim Regan and James Mahoney Introduction
  In long life, high reliability systems, supplied power is
  provided only to essential circuitry. As a result many of
  the unpowered circuits may have voltages applied to inputs and outputs without proper supply biasing. As part
  of any diligent system safety risk assessment, a question
  often arises; will the unpowered components be damaged,
  degraded, or impair circuit performance under these
  abnormal operating conditions?
  The purpose of this article is to provide advice for what
  lies within the pins of several common amplifiers used in
  these applications. Most of the amplifiers of interest are the
  radiation hard amplifiers so indicated with a device prefix
  of RH. Another amplifier, the LT6016, is particularly robust
  with over, under and reversed polarity voltage conditions
  and is included for reference.
  With no power applied to the amplifier, forcing a voltage
  between two pins will cause a current to flow. The magnitude of this current differs from pin to pin and device to
  device. A curve tracer is used to show the current vs voltage
  characteristic when overdriving specific pin combinations.
  Referencing these curve trace plots will provide an indication of the magnitude of current flow for a particular …

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  Take the Mystery Out of the Switched Capacitor Filter &mdash AN40
  PDF, 3.0 Mb, Archivo publicado: marzo 1, 1990
  This note presents guidelines for circuits utilizing LTC's switched capacitor filters. The discussion focuses on how to optimize filter performance by optimizing the printed wiring board, the power supply, and the output buffering of the filter. Many additional topics are discussed such as how to select the proper filter response for the application and how to characterize a filter's THD for DSP applications.
  Extracto del documento

  Application Note 40
  March 1990
  Take the Mystery Out of the Switched-Capacitor Filter:
  The System Designer’s Filter Compendium
  Richard Markell
  INTRODUCTION
  Overview
  This Application Note presents guidelines for circuits utilizing Linear Technology’s switched-capacitor filter family.
  Although the switched-capacitor filter has been designed
  into “telecom” circuits for over 20 years, the newer devices are faster, quieter and lower in distortion. These
  filters now achieve total harmonic distortion (THD) below
  –76dB (LTC®1064-2), wideband noise below 55μVRMS
  (LTC1064-3), high frequency of operation (LTC1064-2,
  LTC1064-3 and LTC1064-4 to 100kHz) and steep roll-offs
  from passband to stopband (LTC1064-1: –72dB at 1.5 ×
  fCUTOFF). These specifications make the new generation of
  switched-capacitor filters from LTC candidates to replace
  all but the most esoteric of active RC filter designs.
  Application Note 40 takes the mystery from the design of
  high performance active filters using switched-capacitor
  filter integrated circuits. To help the designer get the highest performance available, this Note covers most of the
  problems prevalent in system level switched-capacitor
  filter design. The Note covers both tutorial filter material …

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  Using the LTC Op Amp Macromodels &mdash AN48
  PDF, 297 Kb, Archivo publicado: nov 8, 1991
  LTC's op amp macromodels are described in detail, along with the theory behind each model and complete schematics of each topology. Extended modeling topics are discussed, such as phase/frequency response modifications and asymmetric slew rate for JFET op amp models. LTC's macromodels are optimized for accuracy and fast simulation times. Simulation times can be further reduced by using streamlining techniques found throughout AN48.
  Extracto del documento

  Application Note 48
  November 1991
  Using the LTC Op Amp Macromodels
  Getting the Most from SPICE and the LTC Library
  Walt Jung INTRODUCTION This application note is an overview discussion of the
  Linear Technology SPICE macromodel library. It assumes
  little if any prior knowledge of this software library or its
  history. However, it does assume familiarity with both the
  analog simulation program SPICE (or one of its many
  derivatives), and modern day op amps, including bipolar,
  JFET, and MOSFET amplifier technologies.
  Some Preliminary SPICE Facts of Life
  In the past few years, SPICE simulations have really begun
  to capture a high level of attention on the part of analog
  circuit designers. Perhaps this is due to more affordable
  high performance computers, or perhaps the time for
  simulation is now upon us. In any event, the bottom line is
  that IC vendors are now making macromodels for op amps
  available to their customers.
  For the analog circuit designer, there can be no better fate
  for simulations, viewing this situation in terms of which
  model to use. Designers no longer need worry about
  whether the third party supplier’s model can really cut it. …

Notas de Diseño

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  Updated Operational Amplifier Selection Guide for Optimum Noise Performance &mdash DN140
  PDF, 74 Kb, Archivo publicado: oct 1, 1996
  Extracto del documento

  Operational Amplifier Selection Guide for
  Optimum Noise Performance – Design Note 140
  Frank Cox
  Eight years ago, George Erdi wrote a very useful Design
  Note (DN6) that presented information to aid in the
  selection of op amps for optimum noise performance,
  in both graphical and tabular form. Design Note 140 is
  an update of DN6. It covers new low noise op amps as
  well as some high speed op amps. Although a great deal
  has changed in eight years, especially in electronics,
  noise is still a critical issue in op amp circuit design
  and the LTВ®1028 is still the lowest noise op amp for
  low source impedance applications.
  The amount of noise an op amp circuit will produce
  is determined by the device used, the total resistance
  in the circuit, the bandwidth of the measurement, the
  temperature of the circuit and the gain of the circuit. A
  convenient п¬Ѓgure of merit for the noise performance
  of an op amp is the spectral density or spot noise. This
  is obtained by normalizing the measurement to a unit
  of bandwidth. Here the unit is 1Hz and the noise is reported as “nV/√Hz.” The noise in a particular application
  bandwidth can be calculated by multiplying the spot
  noise by the square root of the application bandwidth. …

• Descargar
  New Voltage References Are Smaller and More Precise &mdash DN145
  PDF, 84 Kb, Archivo publicado: enero 1, 1997
  Extracto del documento

  Voltage References Are Smaller and More Precise
  Design Note 145
  John Wright
  Introduction
  Two new series voltage references bridge the gap
  between small package size and high precision. Advances in design, process and packaging have made the
  introduction of these new voltage references possible.
  The low power LTВ®1460 is designed for minimum space
  and is available in all popular voltages, including 2.5V,
  5V and 10V. By contrast, the LT1236 is designed for
  use in 12-bit and higher systems and combines 0.05%
  accuracy, low noise, low drift and the SO-8 package
  for difficult industrial temperature range applications.
  Longer Battery Life with Precision
  The LT1460 low power, series reference has a large
  advantage over older shunt-style references. Shunt
  references require a resistor from the power supply
  to operate. This resistor must be chosen to supply the
  maximum current that can ever be demanded by the
  circuit being regulated. When the circuit being controlled
  is not operating at this maximum current, the shunt
  reference must always sink this current, resulting in
  high dissipation and short battery life. Because the …

• Descargar
  Noise Calculations in Op Amp Circuits &mdash DN15
  PDF, 224 Kb, Archivo publicado: sept 1, 1988
  Extracto del documento

  Noise Calculations1 in Op Amp Circuits – Design Note 15
  Alan Rich
  Noise calculations in op amp circuits are one of the most
  confused calculations that an analog engineer must
  perform.
  One cannot just look at noise specifications; the total op
  amp circuit including resistors and operating frequency
  range must be included in calculations for circuit noise. A
  “low” noise amplifier in one circuit will become a “high”
  noise amplifier in another circuit.
  As part of this Design Note, an IBM-PC2 or compatible
  computer program, NOISE, has been written to perform
  the noise calculations. This program allows the user to
  calculate circuit noise using LTC op amps, determine the
  best LTC op amp for a low noise application, display the
  noise data for LTC op amps, calculate resistor noise, and
  calculate circuit noise using noise specs for any op amp.
  At the end of this Design Note there are detailed operating
  instructions for the computer program NOISE.
  To calculate noise for an op amp circuit, one must consider the op amp voltage and current noise density and
  1/f corner frequency, the frequency range of interest, and
  the resistor noise.
  The most comprehensive specification for voltage or current noise is the noise density frequency response curve …

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  Operational Amplifier Selection Guide for Optimum Noise Performance &mdash DN3
  PDF, 224 Kb, Archivo publicado: oct 1, 1987
  Extracto del documento

  Operational Amplifier Selection Guide for Optimum Noise
  Performance – Design Note 3
  George Erdi
  The LTВ®1028 is the lowest noise op amp available today.
  Its voltage noise is less than that of a 50О© resistor. In
  other words, if the LT1028 is operated with source resistors in excess of 50О© , resistor noise will dominate. If the
  application requires large source resistors, the LT1028’s
  relatively high current noise will limit performance, and
  other op amps will provide lower overall noise. The table below lists which op amp gives minimum total
  noise for a specified equivalent source resistance. A two
  step procedure should be followed to optimize noise: In general, the total noise of any op amp (referred to the
  input) is given by: The table actually has two sets of devices: one for low
  frequency (instrumentation), one for wideband applications. The slight differences between the two columns
  occur because voltage and current noise increase at low
  frequencies (below the so-called 1/f corner) while resistor
  noise is flat with frequency. total noise = (voltage noise) + (resistor noise) + (current noise R )
  2 2 2 eq where, (2) Enter the table to find the optimum op amp. Best Op Amp for Lowest Noise vs Source Resistance resistor noise = 0.13 Re q in nV Hz
  and Req = equivalent source resistance
  = R2 + R1//R3
  R3
  R1 – R2 + DN003 F01 Several conclusions can be reached by inspection of the
  equation:
  (a) To minimize noise, resistor values should be minimized to make the contribution of the second and …

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  Ultra Low Noise Op Amp Combines Chopper and Bipolar Op Amps &mdash DN36
  PDF, 99 Kb, Archivo publicado: jul 1, 1990
  Extracto del documento

  Ultra Low Noise Op Amp Combines Chopper and
  Bipolar Op Amps – Design Note 36
  Nello Sevastopoulos
  low noise voltage of the LTВ®1007 precision bipolar op
  amp appears in Figure 1. This composite op amp can,
  for instance, be used as a strain gauge amplifier. One
  half of the LTC1051 dual chopper op amp, LTC1051,
  integrates the small LT1007 input offset voltage and
  applies a DC correction voltage at its pin-8 via divider
  (R2, R3). The other half of the LTC1051, buffers the VOS
  nulling circuitry eliminating loading at input A. Resistors R1, R2, R3 allow the integrator full output swing
  assuring VOS correction of the LT1007. The ratio of R3
  to R2 is made as high as possible to limit noise injection
  of the chopper into pin-8 of the bipolar op amp. The
  total measured input VOS was 2ОјV, with a 10nV/В°C drift. Chopper op amp technology has continuously improved.
  Contemporary single, dual and quad low noise chopper
  op amps (LTCВ®1050/51/53), with internal sample and
  hold capacitors, are compatible with industry standard
  op amp sockets.
  Chopper op amps are mainly used to amplify small DC
  signals and these applications require excellent VOS, VOS
  drift, low bias current and low noise. The outstanding
  VOS performance of chopper op amps is well known. …

• Descargar
  Chopper vs Bipolar Op Amps—An Unbiased Comparison &mdash DN42
  PDF, 70 Kb, Archivo publicado: dic 1, 1990
  Extracto del documento

  Chopper vs Bipolar Op Amps—An Unbiased Comparison
  Design Note 42
  George Erdi Table 1 lists the parameters of importance. In all input
  parameters (except noise) the advantage unquestionably goes to the choppers. 5ОјV maximum offset voltage, 0.5ОјV/В°C maximum drift are commonly found
  Table 1. Chopper Stabilized vs Precision Bipolar Op Amps
  ADVANTAGE
  PARAMETER
  Offset Voltage
  Offset Drift
  All Other DC Specs CHOPPER BIPOLAR COMMENTS
  вњ“
  вњ“
  вњ“ No Contest Wideband, 20Hz to
  1MHz вњ“ See Details in Text Noise вњ“ See Details in Text вњ“ Rail to Rail Swing
  2mA Limit on
  Choppers Output: Light Load
  Heavy Load
  Single Supply
  Application вњ“ вњ“ Inherent to
  Choppers Needs
  Special Design
  Bipolars В±15V Supply Voltage вњ“ Except LTC1150 Prejudice/Tradition вњ“ Still a Chopper
  Problem Cost 08/90/86_conv вњ“ Unless DC …

• Descargar
  Operational Amplifier Selection Guide for Optimum Noise Performance &mdash DN6
  PDF, 137 Kb, Archivo publicado: enero 1, 1988

Artículos

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  New Rail-to-Rail Output Op Amps Bring Precision Performance to Low Voltage Systems &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 370 Kb, Archivo publicado: mayo 1, 2000
  Extracto del documento

  DESIGN FEATURES New Rail-to-Rail Output Op Amps
  Bring Precision Performance to
  Low Voltage Systems
  by Alexander Strong
  and Gary Maulding Introduction
  Linear Technology has recently
  released several new high precision
  op amps for use in low voltage systems. The LT1677, LT1881, LT1882,
  LT1884 and LT1885 all operate on
  power supplies from 3V or lower up to
  36V and have rail-to-rail output voltage swing. These amplifiers allow high
  precision circuits to be implemented
  on low voltage power supplies,
  including single positive supplies.
  Rail-to-rail output stages maintain
  the output signal dynamic range by
  eliminating the base-emitter voltage
  drops of conventional emitter-follower
  output stages. Offset voltages are trimmed to less than 80ВµV, with the low
  temperature drift and low noise to be
  expected from bipolar transistor
  designs. High open-loop voltage gains
  maintain this accuracy over the output swing range. …

• Descargar
  JFET Op Amps Equal Low Noise Bipolars and Have Picoamp Current Noise &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 160 Kb, Archivo publicado: sept 1, 1999
  Extracto del documento

  DESIGN FEATURES JFET Op Amps Equal Low Noise
  Bipolars and Have Picoamp
  by Alexander Strong
  Current Noise
  The LT1792 and LT1793 are single
  JFET op amps that offer both very low
  voltage noise (4nV/в€љHz for the LT1792
  and 6nV/в€љHz for the LT1793) and low
  current noise (10fA/в€љHz for the
  LT1792 and 0.8fA/в€љHz for the
  LT1793), providing the lowest total
  noise over a wide range of transducer
  impedance. Traditionally, op amp
  users have been faced with a choice:
  which op amp will have the lowest
  noise for the transducer at hand. For
  high transducer impedance, the
  LT1792/LT1793 JFET op amps will
  win over the lowest voltage noise
  bipolar op amps due to lower current
  noise. The current noise (2qIB) of an
  amplifier is a function of the input
  bias current (IB). For lower transducer impedance, bipolar op amps …

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  Consider New Precision Amplifiers for Updated Industrial Equipment Designs &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 154 Kb, Archivo publicado: sept 1, 2009
  Extracto del documento

  L DESIGN FEATURES Consider New Precision Amplifiers for
  Updated Industrial Equipment Designs
  by Brian Black Introduction
  Industrial equipment is designed for
  long life cycles, so the electronic components used in industrial applications
  are often chosen with significant emphasis on proven performance, quality
  and reliability. Precision amplifiers are
  no exception. Even if new and innovative amplifiers become available over a
  product’s lifetime, a redesigned board
  is often built using the same proven
  op amps in the old board. Even for
  entirely new applications, designers
  will choose amplifiers that have proven
  their mettle in other circuits, making a
  choice based more on familiarity than
  performance.
  Although an amplifier may have
  been tried and proven in a design, it
  is not necessarily the best solution for
  every new design. Many can benefit
  from using more recently released
  amplifiers, which can improve overall
  system performance, reduce power …

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• Signal Conditioning > Amplifiers > Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps) > High Voltage Amplifiers (>12V) | Precision Amplifiers (Vos | Low Noise Amplifiers (